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>>What will work in place of a shimano sti 7 speed shifer without having to change out any additional parts?>The cog spacing on 7-speed & 8-speed cassettes is essentially the same, so you can substitute almost any 8-speed shifter.
>The general recommendation is to have the "extra" index click occur on the small end of the cassette -- this preludes the likelihood of the chain running off the cassette and into the spokes if the derailleur's stops go out of adjustment.
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Shimano 7 speed cog spacing is 5.omm and 8 is 4.8mm. Close enough it works for some,not for the more AR...FWIW, the chain will go off the big cog even with 7 speed if the limit screw is too loose. I put the extra click on the big cog side and set the limit screw correctly. The limit screws are not 'self adjusting'.